Aztec skull whistles produce a sound which elicits a fundamentally different response in our brains to other natural sounds. Source: Jennysnest / CC BY-SA 4.0; inset Frühholz, S., Rodriguez, P., Bonard, M. et al. Psychoacoustic and Archeoacoustic nature of ancient Aztec skull whistles. Commun Psychol 2, 108 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00157-7.

A Hiss, and a Scream: The Reason Aztec Skull Whistles are so Scary

Musical instruments are near universal across all cultures, ancient and modern, but the music they make is not always pleasant. Aztec skull whistles, extremely versatile instruments from 500 years ago, are certainly not. Such whistles were used for more than 250 years from around 1250 AD by the Aztecs of Central America, producing a combination

Neolithic bullets and sling from Anatolia, thought to date back to 9,000 BC. Source: Harald the Bard / CC BY-SA 4.0.

Terror, and the Screaming Bullets of the Ancients

Burnswark Hill in Scotland dominates the local landscape. A prominent mound in the south of the country, atop its commanding slopes sits an iron age hill fort and a surrounding community, spread across some seven hectares. Such arrangements are not uncommon across the British Isles and indeed continental Europe. These hill forts can tell us